A STUDY TOUR TO MANIPAL
As a part and parcel of our education and with virtuous intention of our HOD of Botany, Gayathri mam, we won an opportunity to visit Manipal University and its various centers, located in the heart of the town, enveloped with the nurtured beauty and ambience. It was on the glorious day of 11 th February 2016, we embraced the pleasant atmosphere of Manipal, a town of
classical rhythm of peaceful natural at 11am.
First and foremost, we visited Museum of Anatomy and Pathology (MAP), which is the most recommended place for the students and also explored by the people from across India and Internationally. We were able to muster the episodic images of all the specimen, which we had studied theoretically. Fortunately, we could scan the Manipal University Library- a book house with a collection of over thousands of books.
Later, we moved to see ‘The standing emerald of nature’ at ‘End point’. We spent our time gazing the marvelous creation of God. We savored the beauty of pandemic view of the stretch of Arabian Sea off the cliff which revived our aesthetic senses.
We paid a visit to Manipal Life Science research Centre where we enjoyed the Lecture of the Managing Director on “how to stand out”. There we visited laboratories after being divided into batches. on the visible edge we are also grateful to the guide , Mr. Mithun, who imparted the knowledge of every corner of the town, excellently. There we witnessed many unseen & unheard aspects like procedure of chromatography, Mass Spectroscopy, Laser action, Plant tissue culture, Aging, Effects of radiations etc.
On further move we visited Planetarium, after relishing our lunch. This was the mostphenomenal part of our study tour which indeed added life to our excursion. It was stupendously good and full of knowledge but small, though. It gave us an outer space adventure to the deeper
extent. Truly, planetarium are the artefact which fasters better understanding of stars & universe.
Likewise, our trip proved to be an inspirational, effective, meaningful and a vivid one. It enabled us to widen our horizons & thoughts. Besides, it gave us a chance to build closer bonds with our classmates.
It is well said by Randy Wilhelm- “field trip is a substantive way to expand students” horizon and allow them to learn experientially.
- Frazi Manzoor Nakhuda
III B.Sc, MBB
***************************************************
ORGANIC FARMING
Organic farming is the agriculture which avoids the use of synthetic inputs such as fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, genetically modified organisms etc. there is no use of chemical methods in organic farming.
Organic farmers rely upon mainly crop rotation, crop residues, organic manures and crop covering. This increases the fertility of soil. Organic farming enhances the health of ecosystem of the organisms from soil to human beings. It keeps the environment pure. The famous Botanist, Sir Albert Howard has explained the advantages of organic agriculture in his book “ An Agriculture Testament”.
Organic farming is based on scientific methods, modern technology and traditional practices. It uses the breakdown of manures, composting, crop rotation etc. in chemical farming they use pesticides to kill the predators which contaminates the crop. But in organic farming they use the farmer friendly organisms to prevent the predator. Care is taken during crop rotation and crop selection.
The organic farming helps in increase in fertility of soil, conservation of water and the quality of crop. The advantages of organic farming are:
-
Increase productivity: there is a misconception that chemical farming increases the productivity. But actually the organic farming increases fertility at low cost.
-
Eco-friendly: organic farming does not harm the environment instead it is eco-friendly and maintains the health of environment.
-
Good quality of crops: the crop which is obtained from organic farming is of good quality.
-
No contamination: in organic farming practices there is no contamination of air, water and soil. The crop is also free from contamination.
The National Central Board has taken many measures to enhance organic farming. It has set National Institute of Organic Farming in 2003 at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. To help the farmers in organic farming.
-Sanjana .S
II B.Sc. BZC
*****************************************
SMART CITY
“Smart City” The vision of Prime Minister Narendra Modi Ji, for the development of urban areas, communication technology and to improve adaptations of smart solution for efficient use of available assets, Resources and infrastructure. The Goal of building the smart city is to improve quality of life by using technology and improvement in the efficiency of services and resident needs. It also includes the developing of city assets. City assets include development in the education system, transportation system, Hospitals, Water supply networks, Waste manage meant techniques and to ensure safety and security for citizens. The mission includes the development of 100 smart cities all over the India of witch capable cities will be chosen. Mainly smart city focuses on needs and on greatest opportunity to improve lives. They tap a range of approaches – digital and information technology. Urban planning best practices, public private partnerships to policy manage to make a difference.
Smart city term encompasses vision of an urban space that is ecologically friendly, technologically integrated and meticulously planned; with a particular reliance on use of information technology to improve efficiency.
The Indian Smart city challenges is a competition designed to inspire and support municipal officials as they develop smart proposals to improve resident needs. It aims to promote economic growth improve governance and to produce better results for India’s urban residents. It also helps to develop and improve contact between citizens and government. We can sy that it is developing within the goal of improving the management of urban flows.
The Government of Karnataka has selected the following cities to include in the list of smart cities. They are, Ramnagar, Tumkur, Devanahalli, Mysore, Belgavi, Kalburgi, Huballi, Dharvad, Mangalore, Udupi, Hospete, Vijaypur are selected.
According to Central government the cities to be selected as a Smart cites to be selected as a smart city must have population about 1-4 million citizens. Hence Bangalore was rejected from the list of Smart city because the population of citizen. Exceeds Ninty five lakhs, according to 2011 senses. It is said that about 10 years is required for the development of 100 smart cities.
For the clap it requires two hands like that together we can do so much and achieve more rather being singly.
A useful definition to Start to call a city “Smart” is when investments in human & social capital & traditional influences the sustainable economic growth.
“Together We Can Achieve More”.
-M.S. Harshitha Yadav
III B.sc, BZC
*************************************************************
EXSITU CONSERVATION OF PLANTS
We born on this world because of the environment without the environment there is nothing in the world, mainly about plants and surrounding, this time I want to say about Exsitu conservation of plant there is nothing beyond the environment, due to unlimited human activities we just forgetting our environmental surrounding.
Exsitu conservation is literally mean offsite conservation. Exsitu conservation means taking part of specimen or species and shifting it into another place , it mean there is no species which are decreasing to control the decreasing of the plants and animal the exsitu conservation is declared it is nothing but the protections of the species. Botanical garden and Zoo are the main things where the conservation are held.
Botanical garden here mainly preserved many varieties can be seen this botanical garden not only used for preservation or protection. It is also used to study more about, this garden are one where we can find wide varieties which can be preserved and can be protected.
After the exsitu conservation in suitable habitat it can be placed there where it can survive it is not only about taking species from one centre and placing it into other this exsitu conservation can be done where in their living habitat like forest.
We human just tries to pollute, destruct it is a well opportunity of us to have something better to react our nature. We always tries to help then not disturb.
This exsitu conservation came in the way because of human behavior itself our madness created problem to them. This exsitu conservation also helped us to study more and more about them, we can examine every plant carefully and have more about.
By that their additional power, medicinal value can be recognized it may help too many.
And also we can recognize their problem and solve it for betterment.
I just want to say "SAVE TREES".
Nikitha
I BSc. BZC
*****************************************
Henna
Henna, also known as HENNA, the henna
tree, the mignonette tree, and the Egyptian privet) is a flowering plant and the sole species of the genus.
The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic حِنَّاء ALA-LC
pronounced or, colloquially حنا, loosely
pronounced as henna.
The name henna also refers to
the dye prepared from the plant and the art
of temporary tattooing
based on those dyes. Henna has been used since antiquity to dye skin, hair, and
fingernails, as well as fabrics including silk,
wool, and leather. The name is used in other skin and hair dyes, such as black
henna and neutral henna, neither of which is derived from the henna
plant.
An active compound in Henna
Whole, unbroken henna leaves will
not stain the skin. Henna will not stain skin until the molecules are made
available (released) from the henna leaf. Dried henna leaves will stain the
skin if they are mashed into a paste. The components will gradually migrate
from the henna paste into the outer layer of the skin and bind to the proteins in it, creating a fast stain.
Since it is difficult to form
intricate patterns from coarse crushed leaves, henna is commonly traded as a
powder made by drying, milling and sifting
the leaves. The dry powder is mixed with one of a number of liquids, including
water, lemon juice, or strong tea, and other ingredients, depending on the
tradition. Many artists use sugar or molasses in the paste to improve
consistency and keep it stuck to the skin better. The henna mix must rest for 1
to 48 hours before use, to release the component from the leaf matter. The
timing depends on the crop of henna being used. Essential oils with high levels
of alcohols, such as tea tree, or lavender, will improve skin stain characteristics. Other essential
oils, such as eucalyptus and clove, are also useful but are too irritating and
should not be used on skin.
Henna powder
The paste can be applied with many
traditional and innovative tools, starting with a basic stick or twig. In
Morocco, a syringe is common. In India, a plastic cone similar to those used to
pipe icing onto cakes. In the Western world, a cone is common, as is a Jacquard
bottle, which is otherwise used to paint silk fabric. A light stain may be
achieved within minutes, but the longer the paste is left on the skin, the
darker and longer lasting the stain will be, so it needs to be left on as long
as possible. To prevent it from drying or falling off the skin, the paste is
often sealed down by dabbing a sugar/lemon mix over the dried paste, or simply
adding some form of sugar to the paste. After time the dry paste is simply
brushed or scraped away.
Cosmetic henna for coloring hair.
Commercially packaged henna,
intended for use as a cosmetic hair dye, is available in many countries, and is
now popular in India,
as well as the Middle East, Europe, Australia, Canada and the United States.
The color that results from dying with henna depends on the original color of
the hair, as well as the quality of the henna, and can range from orange to
auburn to burgundy. Henna can be mixed with other natural hair dyes including Cassia
for lighter shades of red or even blond, or with indigo to achieve brown and
black shades. Some products sold as "henna" include these other
natural dyes. Others may include metal salts that can interact with other
chemical treatments, or oils and waxes that may inhibit the dye, or even
chemical dyes which are common allergens. Any product that comes in a cream,
block, or paste form has some sort of additives.
MEHANDI on a hand.
Henna has been used to adorn young
women's bodies as part of social and holiday celebrations since the late Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean. The earliest text mentioning henna
in the context of marriage and fertility celebrations comes from the legend of Baal and which has references to women marking themselves with
henna in preparation to meet their husbands, and adorning herself with henna to
celebrate a victory over the enemies of Baal.
Henna pattern on foot in Morocco.
Henna was regarded as having
("blessings”)and was applied for luck as well as joy and beauty Brides
typically had the most henna, and the most complex patterns, to support their
greatest joy, and wishes for luck. Some bridal traditions were very complex,
such as those in Yemen, where the Jewish bridal henna process took four or five
days to complete, with multiple applications and resist work.
Henna being sold at the Egyptian
Bazaar.
Bridal henna nights are a popular
tradition in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Near
East and South Asia.
"Black
henna”
_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_0527.jpg)
-
CHAITHRA.U.NAIK AND SANJANA.S
IST BSC BZC.
**********************************************
Rain water harvesting as a method of utilizing rain water for domestic & agricultural use is already widely used throughout the world. It is a method which has been used since ancient times and is increasingly being accepted as a practical method of provided portable water in development projects throughout the world.
It has application also in urban and semi-urban areas, where the reliability & quality of piled water is increasingly being questioned. For centuries the world has relied upon rain water harvesting to supply water.
It is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from roof tops, the land surfaces, using simple techniques such as underground check dams. The techniques usually found in Asia and Africa arise from practices employed by ancient civilizations within these regions, and still serve as a major source of drinking water supply in rural areas. Commonly used systems are constructed of three components i) catchment area, ii) collection device and iii) conveyance system.
-
Catchment area: Roof top catchment is the most basic form of rainwater harvesting. Roofs with metallic paint or other coatings are not recommended as they may impart taste or colour, aluminium or asbestos, cement sheets, tiles or slates are commonly used. The collected rain water can also be by the land surface areas which provides opportunity for collecting water from a larger surfaces area with all the preparation for collecting water from land area.
-
Collection devices: storage tanks may be above or below ground. Open containers are not recommended for collecting water. It consist of a cylindrical tank consisting of a cylindrical tank with thin concrete base on which a circular vertical cylinder is present. This cylinder is wrapped with wire mesh to form the frame of the tank. Mortar jars are the large jar shaped vessels constructed from wire reinforced mortar. Polythene tanks are also used which are compact but have large storage area and are easy to clean. The most important thing is we need to take care that there should not be any algal growth.
-
Conveyance system: there are required to transfer the rain water collected to the storage tanks, by making connections to one or more down- pipes.
Advantages:
-
Simple to install and operate.
-
More convenient and causes less maintenance problems.
-
Water collected is of pure quality.
-
Running water costs are almost negligible.
-
It has few negative environmental impacts.
-
Construction of cement jars do not need skilled manpower.
Disadvantages:
-
Limited supply and uncertainty of rainfall.
-
It is carried out by a less number of governmental agencies.
I would conclude saying, it is a very useful process during rainy season and during the scarcity of water. By doing this process we can save water for domestic purposes, drinking purpose and for future needs. It is a very simple and affordable process, with the decreasing availability of water, rain water harvesting is the best option.
Sana anjum
III B.Sc., BZC
****************************************
AMARANTHUS
SPECIES
Kingdom:
Plantae
****************************************
JUICE
THERAPY
It
is a method to treat disease through an exclusive method of diet of juices of
fruits & vegetables. It is also known as juice fasting. Juice therapy is an
effective way to restore health and detoxify the body.
These are few beneficial effects of
Juices of fruits and vegetables in Juice therapy. Since the therapy is mainly
based on natural source there is no such harmful effects. There is a saying
that “Too good is too bad” likewise, over use of some juice because
mainly indigestion and can cause other problems related to digestion.
Sowmys. S
TRANSGENIC
PLANTS
Transgenic plants are plants which
are genetically engineered. A breeding approaches use recombinant DNA
technology. In these the gene of interest is introduced in to the selected
plants this are known as genetically modified organisms.
Transgenic plants are the ones
which DNA is modified by introducing new gene. It is the process of introducing
new gene which is not naturally occurring in that species. The main aim of
these is to introduce a new trait to the plant to bring a new characteristics.
The newly inserted gene is called TRANSGENE. The transgene may be of unrelated
plant or entirely different species.
In this a new gene is introduced
into the plant cell. The main aim of these process is to get a new
characteristics which are not present naturally. These newly introduced gene
may be carried from one generation to others or it may be stop in the starting
generation.
Transgenic plants are developing in
the laboratory. In their new gene is introduced in to the DNA. Many recombinant
proteins are introduced they express their characters in many Agronomic species
like Tomato, Potato, Onion, Papaya etc.
Genetically Modified organisms can
take the information from generation to generation. It may or may not be
possible. By the introducing of new gene help to increase the production of
valuable plant.
By introducing recombinant proteins
number of valuable pharmaceutical plants are increased. There are many
resistant plant. These transgenic technique is widely used in U.S.A and Canada.
The first transgenic plant was cultivated in the year 1983.
¯ Herbicide
Resistant Plant: the plant which resist the
Herbicide is known as Herbicide resistant plant. Glycophosphate is the main
ingredient that show broad range spectrum. Glycophosphate is resistant to the
plant against Herbicide.
¯ Insect
Resistant Plant: The plant which resist insect for
example: Bt is a short Bacillus thurengensis. It produces a small spores
i.e Cry proteins. When the insect eat their spores.in the gut it produces
toxins and the intestine get ruptures. So it is one of the very important
insect resistant gene. The introduction of these gene eliminate the Jayadara
variety of cotton.
In this technique the gene of
insert is introduced to the DNA of selected species. It is very useful in the
present generation due to Global population. In the present days population
increase day by day and there is scarcity of food. The Discovery of these transgenic
plants is very useful to improve the yield, Quality, Disease resistant plants,
resistant to drought, very high and cold temperature. By this advantages we can
cultivate the crops at any seasons with high yield.
Meghana K.S
****************************************
HEALTH BENEFITS
OF BERRIES
In everyday language, berries are small,
pulpy, sweet or sour fruit. They are rounded, brightly colored with many seeds
in them. Some of the common example for berries are blue berry, strawberry,
raspberry, black or red currants, mulberry, cherry etc. the plant bearing
berries are called Beccate.
The scientific knowledge of berries
differ from common usage. In scientific terminology berries are produced from
vary of a single flavor and the outer layer of ovary wall develops into the
edible part that is pericarp. In berries some are edible & some are
poisonous. The deadly night shade & poke weed berries are poisonous were as
red mulberry, white mulberry are poisonous during unripe condition & edible
when they are ripe. The berries are of health benefits. The health benefits of
some of the berries are given below.
¯ Strawberries:
600 varieties of strawberries are found all over the world. They are rich in
Vitamin C. it contains Potassium, Manganese, Iron, Copper, Magnesium contents
in them. They prevent diseases related to nervous system and blood vessels.
Berries are rich in fiber, a
nutrient which helps to maintain healthy digestive system. Berries are
associated with increased “Good Cholesterol” and low blood pressure. Many
research says that berries prevent various cancers. Berries are also of great
economic importance. They are used in cakes, Pies, Jellies, Jams & Sauces
are prepared from cranberry which is a traditional food for thanks giving in
some countries. Currants, Sultanas are used as dry fruits. Berries are used as
food preserves. Beverages are also prepared from berries. Berries have short
shelf life, so they are preserved by pickling, drying etc.
Berries are some of the healthiest
foods in the earth. Berries are fairly easy to grow, fun to pick and eat first
during the morning breakfast. Hence we can say that berries are of tremendous
health benefits to us.
Sanjana. S
III BSc (BZC)
******************************
FRUIT
THERAPY
Fruit SHOULD be eaten before
the meal or in EMPTY STOMACH....!!!! Yes ....because when the food in the stomach
come in contact with the digestive juices the entire mass of food begins to
spoil...
If u want to avoid doctor....???..
Yes my friends it is possible
from a regular or limited use of fruits ....Fruits Lower Risk of Illness and
Disease. Fruits contain many vitamins and nutrients that may reduce risk for
many illnesses including:
Fruits Hydrate the Body. Fruits are made up of 90 percent 95 percent water. Water
is an important nutrient. It is responsible for transporting nutrients around
the body, regulating body temperature, keeping joints moist, and getting rid of
waste products in the body.
Fruits Give the Body Energy. All fruits
contain carbohydrates, which are the body’s main source of energy.
Carbohydrates in fruits are mainly sugar, which break down easily and make a
quick source of energy..
Different fruits what we use
in our daily life.... Has different acidic properties....and ....have its own
medicinal importance....it is better to look around our daily life ..
Shravana.K1st B.Sc (BZC)
A STUDY TOUR TO MANIPAL
As a part and parcel of our education and with virtuous intention of our HOD of Botany, Gayathri mam, we won an opportunity to visit Manipal University and its various centers, located in the heart of the town, enveloped with the nurtured beauty and ambience. It was on the glorious day of 11 th February 2016, we embraced the pleasant atmosphere of Manipal, a town of
classical rhythm of peaceful natural at 11am.
First and foremost, we visited Museum of Anatomy and Pathology (MAP), which is the most recommended place for the students and also explored by the people from across India and Internationally. We were able to muster the episodic images of all the specimen, which we had studied theoretically. Fortunately, we could scan the Manipal University Library- a book house with a collection of over thousands of books.
Later, we moved to see ‘The standing emerald of nature’ at ‘End point’. We spent our time gazing the marvelous creation of God. We savored the beauty of pandemic view of the stretch of Arabian Sea off the cliff which revived our aesthetic senses.
We paid a visit to Manipal Life Science research Centre where we enjoyed the Lecture of the Managing Director on “how to stand out”. There we visited laboratories after being divided into batches. on the visible edge we are also grateful to the guide , Mr. Mithun, who imparted the knowledge of every corner of the town, excellently. There we witnessed many unseen & unheard aspects like procedure of chromatography, Mass Spectroscopy, Laser action, Plant tissue culture, Aging, Effects of radiations etc.
On further move we visited Planetarium, after relishing our lunch. This was the mostphenomenal part of our study tour which indeed added life to our excursion. It was stupendously good and full of knowledge but small, though. It gave us an outer space adventure to the deeper
extent. Truly, planetarium are the artefact which fasters better understanding of stars & universe.
Likewise, our trip proved to be an inspirational, effective, meaningful and a vivid one. It enabled us to widen our horizons & thoughts. Besides, it gave us a chance to build closer bonds with our classmates.
It is well said by Randy Wilhelm- “field trip is a substantive way to expand students” horizon and allow them to learn experientially.
- Frazi Manzoor Nakhuda
III B.Sc, MBB
***************************************************
ORGANIC FARMING
Organic farming is the agriculture which avoids the use of synthetic inputs such as fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, genetically modified organisms etc. there is no use of chemical methods in organic farming.
Organic farmers rely upon mainly crop rotation, crop residues, organic manures and crop covering. This increases the fertility of soil. Organic farming enhances the health of ecosystem of the organisms from soil to human beings. It keeps the environment pure. The famous Botanist, Sir Albert Howard has explained the advantages of organic agriculture in his book “ An Agriculture Testament”.
Organic farming is based on scientific methods, modern technology and traditional practices. It uses the breakdown of manures, composting, crop rotation etc. in chemical farming they use pesticides to kill the predators which contaminates the crop. But in organic farming they use the farmer friendly organisms to prevent the predator. Care is taken during crop rotation and crop selection.
The organic farming helps in increase in fertility of soil, conservation of water and the quality of crop. The advantages of organic farming are:
-
Increase productivity: there is a misconception that chemical farming increases the productivity. But actually the organic farming increases fertility at low cost.
-
Eco-friendly: organic farming does not harm the environment instead it is eco-friendly and maintains the health of environment.
-
Good quality of crops: the crop which is obtained from organic farming is of good quality.
-
No contamination: in organic farming practices there is no contamination of air, water and soil. The crop is also free from contamination.
The National Central Board has taken many measures to enhance organic farming. It has set National Institute of Organic Farming in 2003 at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. To help the farmers in organic farming.
-Sanjana .S
II B.Sc. BZC
*****************************************
SMART CITY
“Smart City” The vision of Prime Minister Narendra Modi Ji, for the development of urban areas, communication technology and to improve adaptations of smart solution for efficient use of available assets, Resources and infrastructure. The Goal of building the smart city is to improve quality of life by using technology and improvement in the efficiency of services and resident needs. It also includes the developing of city assets. City assets include development in the education system, transportation system, Hospitals, Water supply networks, Waste manage meant techniques and to ensure safety and security for citizens. The mission includes the development of 100 smart cities all over the India of witch capable cities will be chosen. Mainly smart city focuses on needs and on greatest opportunity to improve lives. They tap a range of approaches – digital and information technology. Urban planning best practices, public private partnerships to policy manage to make a difference.
Smart city term encompasses vision of an urban space that is ecologically friendly, technologically integrated and meticulously planned; with a particular reliance on use of information technology to improve efficiency.
The Indian Smart city challenges is a competition designed to inspire and support municipal officials as they develop smart proposals to improve resident needs. It aims to promote economic growth improve governance and to produce better results for India’s urban residents. It also helps to develop and improve contact between citizens and government. We can sy that it is developing within the goal of improving the management of urban flows.
The Government of Karnataka has selected the following cities to include in the list of smart cities. They are, Ramnagar, Tumkur, Devanahalli, Mysore, Belgavi, Kalburgi, Huballi, Dharvad, Mangalore, Udupi, Hospete, Vijaypur are selected.
According to Central government the cities to be selected as a Smart cites to be selected as a smart city must have population about 1-4 million citizens. Hence Bangalore was rejected from the list of Smart city because the population of citizen. Exceeds Ninty five lakhs, according to 2011 senses. It is said that about 10 years is required for the development of 100 smart cities.
For the clap it requires two hands like that together we can do so much and achieve more rather being singly.
A useful definition to Start to call a city “Smart” is when investments in human & social capital & traditional influences the sustainable economic growth.
“Together We Can Achieve More”.
-M.S. Harshitha Yadav
III B.sc, BZC
*************************************************************
EXSITU CONSERVATION OF PLANTS
We born on this world because of the environment without the environment there is nothing in the world, mainly about plants and surrounding, this time I want to say about Exsitu conservation of plant there is nothing beyond the environment, due to unlimited human activities we just forgetting our environmental surrounding.
Exsitu conservation is literally mean offsite conservation. Exsitu conservation means taking part of specimen or species and shifting it into another place , it mean there is no species which are decreasing to control the decreasing of the plants and animal the exsitu conservation is declared it is nothing but the protections of the species. Botanical garden and Zoo are the main things where the conservation are held.
Botanical garden here mainly preserved many varieties can be seen this botanical garden not only used for preservation or protection. It is also used to study more about, this garden are one where we can find wide varieties which can be preserved and can be protected.
After the exsitu conservation in suitable habitat it can be placed there where it can survive it is not only about taking species from one centre and placing it into other this exsitu conservation can be done where in their living habitat like forest.
We human just tries to pollute, destruct it is a well opportunity of us to have something better to react our nature. We always tries to help then not disturb.
This exsitu conservation came in the way because of human behavior itself our madness created problem to them. This exsitu conservation also helped us to study more and more about them, we can examine every plant carefully and have more about.
By that their additional power, medicinal value can be recognized it may help too many.
And also we can recognize their problem and solve it for betterment.
I just want to say "SAVE TREES".
Nikitha
I BSc. BZC
*****************************************
Henna
An active compound in Henna
Whole, unbroken henna leaves will
not stain the skin. Henna will not stain skin until the molecules are made
available (released) from the henna leaf. Dried henna leaves will stain the
skin if they are mashed into a paste. The components will gradually migrate
from the henna paste into the outer layer of the skin and bind to the proteins in it, creating a fast stain.
"Black
henna”
-
CHAITHRA.U.NAIK AND SANJANA.S
IST BSC BZC.
**********************************************
Rain water harvesting as a method of utilizing rain water for domestic & agricultural use is already widely used throughout the world. It is a method which has been used since ancient times and is increasingly being accepted as a practical method of provided portable water in development projects throughout the world.
It has application also in urban and semi-urban areas, where the reliability & quality of piled water is increasingly being questioned. For centuries the world has relied upon rain water harvesting to supply water.
It is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from roof tops, the land surfaces, using simple techniques such as underground check dams. The techniques usually found in Asia and Africa arise from practices employed by ancient civilizations within these regions, and still serve as a major source of drinking water supply in rural areas. Commonly used systems are constructed of three components i) catchment area, ii) collection device and iii) conveyance system.
-
Catchment area: Roof top catchment is the most basic form of rainwater harvesting. Roofs with metallic paint or other coatings are not recommended as they may impart taste or colour, aluminium or asbestos, cement sheets, tiles or slates are commonly used. The collected rain water can also be by the land surface areas which provides opportunity for collecting water from a larger surfaces area with all the preparation for collecting water from land area.
-
Collection devices: storage tanks may be above or below ground. Open containers are not recommended for collecting water. It consist of a cylindrical tank consisting of a cylindrical tank with thin concrete base on which a circular vertical cylinder is present. This cylinder is wrapped with wire mesh to form the frame of the tank. Mortar jars are the large jar shaped vessels constructed from wire reinforced mortar. Polythene tanks are also used which are compact but have large storage area and are easy to clean. The most important thing is we need to take care that there should not be any algal growth.
-
Conveyance system: there are required to transfer the rain water collected to the storage tanks, by making connections to one or more down- pipes.
Advantages:
-
Simple to install and operate.
-
More convenient and causes less maintenance problems.
-
Water collected is of pure quality.
-
Running water costs are almost negligible.
-
It has few negative environmental impacts.
-
Construction of cement jars do not need skilled manpower.
Disadvantages:
-
Limited supply and uncertainty of rainfall.
-
It is carried out by a less number of governmental agencies.
I would conclude saying, it is a very useful process during rainy season and during the scarcity of water. By doing this process we can save water for domestic purposes, drinking purpose and for future needs. It is a very simple and affordable process, with the decreasing availability of water, rain water harvesting is the best option.
Sana anjum
III B.Sc., BZC
****************************************
AMARANTHUS
SPECIES
Kingdom:
Plantae
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JUICE
THERAPY
It
is a method to treat disease through an exclusive method of diet of juices of
fruits & vegetables. It is also known as juice fasting. Juice therapy is an
effective way to restore health and detoxify the body.
These are few beneficial effects of
Juices of fruits and vegetables in Juice therapy. Since the therapy is mainly
based on natural source there is no such harmful effects. There is a saying
that “Too good is too bad” likewise, over use of some juice because
mainly indigestion and can cause other problems related to digestion.
Sowmys. S
TRANSGENIC
PLANTS
Transgenic plants are plants which
are genetically engineered. A breeding approaches use recombinant DNA
technology. In these the gene of interest is introduced in to the selected
plants this are known as genetically modified organisms.
Transgenic plants are the ones
which DNA is modified by introducing new gene. It is the process of introducing
new gene which is not naturally occurring in that species. The main aim of
these is to introduce a new trait to the plant to bring a new characteristics.
The newly inserted gene is called TRANSGENE. The transgene may be of unrelated
plant or entirely different species.
In this a new gene is introduced
into the plant cell. The main aim of these process is to get a new
characteristics which are not present naturally. These newly introduced gene
may be carried from one generation to others or it may be stop in the starting
generation.
Transgenic plants are developing in
the laboratory. In their new gene is introduced in to the DNA. Many recombinant
proteins are introduced they express their characters in many Agronomic species
like Tomato, Potato, Onion, Papaya etc.
Genetically Modified organisms can
take the information from generation to generation. It may or may not be
possible. By the introducing of new gene help to increase the production of
valuable plant.
By introducing recombinant proteins
number of valuable pharmaceutical plants are increased. There are many
resistant plant. These transgenic technique is widely used in U.S.A and Canada.
The first transgenic plant was cultivated in the year 1983.
¯ Herbicide
Resistant Plant: the plant which resist the
Herbicide is known as Herbicide resistant plant. Glycophosphate is the main
ingredient that show broad range spectrum. Glycophosphate is resistant to the
plant against Herbicide.
¯ Insect
Resistant Plant: The plant which resist insect for
example: Bt is a short Bacillus thurengensis. It produces a small spores
i.e Cry proteins. When the insect eat their spores.in the gut it produces
toxins and the intestine get ruptures. So it is one of the very important
insect resistant gene. The introduction of these gene eliminate the Jayadara
variety of cotton.
In this technique the gene of
insert is introduced to the DNA of selected species. It is very useful in the
present generation due to Global population. In the present days population
increase day by day and there is scarcity of food. The Discovery of these transgenic
plants is very useful to improve the yield, Quality, Disease resistant plants,
resistant to drought, very high and cold temperature. By this advantages we can
cultivate the crops at any seasons with high yield.
Meghana K.S
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HEALTH BENEFITS
OF BERRIES
In everyday language, berries are small,
pulpy, sweet or sour fruit. They are rounded, brightly colored with many seeds
in them. Some of the common example for berries are blue berry, strawberry,
raspberry, black or red currants, mulberry, cherry etc. the plant bearing
berries are called Beccate.
The scientific knowledge of berries
differ from common usage. In scientific terminology berries are produced from
vary of a single flavor and the outer layer of ovary wall develops into the
edible part that is pericarp. In berries some are edible & some are
poisonous. The deadly night shade & poke weed berries are poisonous were as
red mulberry, white mulberry are poisonous during unripe condition & edible
when they are ripe. The berries are of health benefits. The health benefits of
some of the berries are given below.
¯ Strawberries:
600 varieties of strawberries are found all over the world. They are rich in
Vitamin C. it contains Potassium, Manganese, Iron, Copper, Magnesium contents
in them. They prevent diseases related to nervous system and blood vessels.
Berries are rich in fiber, a
nutrient which helps to maintain healthy digestive system. Berries are
associated with increased “Good Cholesterol” and low blood pressure. Many
research says that berries prevent various cancers. Berries are also of great
economic importance. They are used in cakes, Pies, Jellies, Jams & Sauces
are prepared from cranberry which is a traditional food for thanks giving in
some countries. Currants, Sultanas are used as dry fruits. Berries are used as
food preserves. Beverages are also prepared from berries. Berries have short
shelf life, so they are preserved by pickling, drying etc.
Berries are some of the healthiest
foods in the earth. Berries are fairly easy to grow, fun to pick and eat first
during the morning breakfast. Hence we can say that berries are of tremendous
health benefits to us.
Sanjana. S
III BSc (BZC)
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FRUIT
THERAPY
Fruit SHOULD be eaten before
the meal or in EMPTY STOMACH....!!!! Yes ....because when the food in the stomach
come in contact with the digestive juices the entire mass of food begins to
spoil...
If u want to avoid doctor....???..
Yes my friends it is possible
from a regular or limited use of fruits ....Fruits Lower Risk of Illness and
Disease. Fruits contain many vitamins and nutrients that may reduce risk for
many illnesses including:
Fruits Hydrate the Body. Fruits are made up of 90 percent 95 percent water. Water
is an important nutrient. It is responsible for transporting nutrients around
the body, regulating body temperature, keeping joints moist, and getting rid of
waste products in the body.
Fruits Give the Body Energy. All fruits
contain carbohydrates, which are the body’s main source of energy.
Carbohydrates in fruits are mainly sugar, which break down easily and make a
quick source of energy..
Different fruits what we use
in our daily life.... Has different acidic properties....and ....have its own
medicinal importance....it is better to look around our daily life ..
A STUDY TOUR TO MANIPAL
As a part and parcel of our education and with virtuous intention of our HOD of Botany, Gayathri mam, we won an opportunity to visit Manipal University and its various centers, located in the heart of the town, enveloped with the nurtured beauty and ambience. It was on the glorious day of 11 th February 2016, we embraced the pleasant atmosphere of Manipal, a town of
classical rhythm of peaceful natural at 11am.
First and foremost, we visited Museum of Anatomy and Pathology (MAP), which is the most recommended place for the students and also explored by the people from across India and Internationally. We were able to muster the episodic images of all the specimen, which we had studied theoretically. Fortunately, we could scan the Manipal University Library- a book house with a collection of over thousands of books.
Later, we moved to see ‘The standing emerald of nature’ at ‘End point’. We spent our time gazing the marvelous creation of God. We savored the beauty of pandemic view of the stretch of Arabian Sea off the cliff which revived our aesthetic senses.
We paid a visit to Manipal Life Science research Centre where we enjoyed the Lecture of the Managing Director on “how to stand out”. There we visited laboratories after being divided into batches. on the visible edge we are also grateful to the guide , Mr. Mithun, who imparted the knowledge of every corner of the town, excellently. There we witnessed many unseen & unheard aspects like procedure of chromatography, Mass Spectroscopy, Laser action, Plant tissue culture, Aging, Effects of radiations etc.
On further move we visited Planetarium, after relishing our lunch. This was the mostphenomenal part of our study tour which indeed added life to our excursion. It was stupendously good and full of knowledge but small, though. It gave us an outer space adventure to the deeper
extent. Truly, planetarium are the artefact which fasters better understanding of stars & universe.
Likewise, our trip proved to be an inspirational, effective, meaningful and a vivid one. It enabled us to widen our horizons & thoughts. Besides, it gave us a chance to build closer bonds with our classmates.
It is well said by Randy Wilhelm- “field trip is a substantive way to expand students” horizon and allow them to learn experientially.
- Frazi Manzoor Nakhuda
III B.Sc, MBB
Henna
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ORGANIC FARMING
Organic farming is the agriculture which avoids the use of synthetic inputs such as fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, genetically modified organisms etc. there is no use of chemical methods in organic farming.
Organic farmers rely upon mainly crop rotation, crop residues, organic manures and crop covering. This increases the fertility of soil. Organic farming enhances the health of ecosystem of the organisms from soil to human beings. It keeps the environment pure. The famous Botanist, Sir Albert Howard has explained the advantages of organic agriculture in his book “ An Agriculture Testament”.
Organic farming is based on scientific methods, modern technology and traditional practices. It uses the breakdown of manures, composting, crop rotation etc. in chemical farming they use pesticides to kill the predators which contaminates the crop. But in organic farming they use the farmer friendly organisms to prevent the predator. Care is taken during crop rotation and crop selection.
The organic farming helps in increase in fertility of soil, conservation of water and the quality of crop. The advantages of organic farming are:
- Increase productivity: there is a misconception that chemical farming increases the productivity. But actually the organic farming increases fertility at low cost.
- Eco-friendly: organic farming does not harm the environment instead it is eco-friendly and maintains the health of environment.
- Good quality of crops: the crop which is obtained from organic farming is of good quality.
- No contamination: in organic farming practices there is no contamination of air, water and soil. The crop is also free from contamination.
The National Central Board has taken many measures to enhance organic farming. It has set National Institute of Organic Farming in 2003 at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. To help the farmers in organic farming.
-Sanjana .S
II B.Sc. BZC
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SMART CITY
“Smart City” The vision of Prime Minister Narendra Modi Ji, for the development of urban areas, communication technology and to improve adaptations of smart solution for efficient use of available assets, Resources and infrastructure. The Goal of building the smart city is to improve quality of life by using technology and improvement in the efficiency of services and resident needs. It also includes the developing of city assets. City assets include development in the education system, transportation system, Hospitals, Water supply networks, Waste manage meant techniques and to ensure safety and security for citizens. The mission includes the development of 100 smart cities all over the India of witch capable cities will be chosen. Mainly smart city focuses on needs and on greatest opportunity to improve lives. They tap a range of approaches – digital and information technology. Urban planning best practices, public private partnerships to policy manage to make a difference.
Smart city term encompasses vision of an urban space that is ecologically friendly, technologically integrated and meticulously planned; with a particular reliance on use of information technology to improve efficiency.
The Indian Smart city challenges is a competition designed to inspire and support municipal officials as they develop smart proposals to improve resident needs. It aims to promote economic growth improve governance and to produce better results for India’s urban residents. It also helps to develop and improve contact between citizens and government. We can sy that it is developing within the goal of improving the management of urban flows.
The Government of Karnataka has selected the following cities to include in the list of smart cities. They are, Ramnagar, Tumkur, Devanahalli, Mysore, Belgavi, Kalburgi, Huballi, Dharvad, Mangalore, Udupi, Hospete, Vijaypur are selected.
According to Central government the cities to be selected as a Smart cites to be selected as a smart city must have population about 1-4 million citizens. Hence Bangalore was rejected from the list of Smart city because the population of citizen. Exceeds Ninty five lakhs, according to 2011 senses. It is said that about 10 years is required for the development of 100 smart cities.
For the clap it requires two hands like that together we can do so much and achieve more rather being singly.
A useful definition to Start to call a city “Smart” is when investments in human & social capital & traditional influences the sustainable economic growth.
“Together We Can Achieve More”.
-M.S. Harshitha Yadav
III B.sc, BZC
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EXSITU CONSERVATION OF PLANTS
We born on this world because of the environment without the environment there is nothing in the world, mainly about plants and surrounding, this time I want to say about Exsitu conservation of plant there is nothing beyond the environment, due to unlimited human activities we just forgetting our environmental surrounding.
Exsitu conservation is literally mean offsite conservation. Exsitu conservation means taking part of specimen or species and shifting it into another place , it mean there is no species which are decreasing to control the decreasing of the plants and animal the exsitu conservation is declared it is nothing but the protections of the species. Botanical garden and Zoo are the main things where the conservation are held.
Botanical garden here mainly preserved many varieties can be seen this botanical garden not only used for preservation or protection. It is also used to study more about, this garden are one where we can find wide varieties which can be preserved and can be protected.
After the exsitu conservation in suitable habitat it can be placed there where it can survive it is not only about taking species from one centre and placing it into other this exsitu conservation can be done where in their living habitat like forest.
We human just tries to pollute, destruct it is a well opportunity of us to have something better to react our nature. We always tries to help then not disturb.
This exsitu conservation came in the way because of human behavior itself our madness created problem to them. This exsitu conservation also helped us to study more and more about them, we can examine every plant carefully and have more about.
By that their additional power, medicinal value can be recognized it may help too many.
And also we can recognize their problem and solve it for betterment.
I just want to say "SAVE TREES".
Nikitha
I BSc. BZC
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Henna, also known as HENNA, the henna
tree, the mignonette tree, and the Egyptian privet) is a flowering plant and the sole species of the genus.
The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic حِنَّاء ALA-LC
pronounced or, colloquially حنا, loosely
pronounced as henna.
The name henna also refers to
the dye prepared from the plant and the art
of temporary tattooing
based on those dyes. Henna has been used since antiquity to dye skin, hair, and
fingernails, as well as fabrics including silk,
wool, and leather. The name is used in other skin and hair dyes, such as black
henna and neutral henna, neither of which is derived from the henna
plant.
Historically, henna was used for
cosmetic purposes in Ancient Egypt, as well as other parts of North
Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Near East and South Asia. Bridal henna nights remain an
important custom in many of these areas, particularly among traditional
families.
Description
Henna is a tall shrub or small tree, standing 1.8 to 7.6 m tall (6 to
25 ft). It is glabrous and multi-branched, with spine-tipped branch. The leaves
grow opposite each other on the stem. They are glabrous, sub-sessile, elliptical, (long and wider in the middle;
average dimensions are 1.5–5.0 cm x 0.5–2 cm or 0.6–2 in x
0.2–0.8 in), acuminate (tapering to a long point), and
have depressed veins on the dorsal surface. Henna flowers have four sepals and a 2 mm (0.079 in) calyx tube, with 3 mm (0.12 in) spread lobes. Its
petals are small, with white or red stamens found in pairs on the rim of the calyx tube. The ovary is four-celled, 5 mm (0.20 in) long, and erect.
Henna fruits are small, brownish capsules, 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) in
diameter, with 32–49 seeds per fruit, and open irregularly into four splits.
Cultivation
The henna plant is native to
northern Africa, western and southern Asia, and northern Australasia, in semi-arid zones and tropical
areas. It produces the most dye when grown
in temperatures between 35 and 45 °C (95 and 113 °F). During the onset of precipitation
intervals, the plant grows rapidly, putting out new shoots. Growth subsequently
slows. The leaves gradually yellow and fall during prolonged dry or cool
intervals. It does not thrive where minimum temperatures are below 11 °C
(52 °F). Temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) will kill the henna
plant.
Preparation and application
An active compound in Henna
Whole, unbroken henna leaves will
not stain the skin. Henna will not stain skin until the molecules are made
available (released) from the henna leaf. Dried henna leaves will stain the
skin if they are mashed into a paste. The components will gradually migrate
from the henna paste into the outer layer of the skin and bind to the proteins in it, creating a fast stain.
Since it is difficult to form
intricate patterns from coarse crushed leaves, henna is commonly traded as a
powder made by drying, milling and sifting
the leaves. The dry powder is mixed with one of a number of liquids, including
water, lemon juice, or strong tea, and other ingredients, depending on the
tradition. Many artists use sugar or molasses in the paste to improve
consistency and keep it stuck to the skin better. The henna mix must rest for 1
to 48 hours before use, to release the component from the leaf matter. The
timing depends on the crop of henna being used. Essential oils with high levels
of alcohols, such as tea tree, or lavender, will improve skin stain characteristics. Other essential
oils, such as eucalyptus and clove, are also useful but are too irritating and
should not be used on skin.
Henna powder
The paste can be applied with many
traditional and innovative tools, starting with a basic stick or twig. In
Morocco, a syringe is common. In India, a plastic cone similar to those used to
pipe icing onto cakes. In the Western world, a cone is common, as is a Jacquard
bottle, which is otherwise used to paint silk fabric. A light stain may be
achieved within minutes, but the longer the paste is left on the skin, the
darker and longer lasting the stain will be, so it needs to be left on as long
as possible. To prevent it from drying or falling off the skin, the paste is
often sealed down by dabbing a sugar/lemon mix over the dried paste, or simply
adding some form of sugar to the paste. After time the dry paste is simply
brushed or scraped away.
Henna stains are orange when the
paste is first removed, but darkens over the following three days to a deep
reddish brown. Soles and palms have the thickest layer of skin and so take up
the most, and take it to the greatest depth, so that hands and feet will have
the darkest and most long-lasting stains. Some also believe that steaming or
warming the henna pattern will darken the stain, either during the time the
paste is still on the skin, or after the paste has been removed. It is
debatable whether this adds to the color of the end result as well. Chlorinated
water and soaps may spoil the darkening process; alkaline products may hasten
the darkening process. After the stain reaches its peak color, it holds for a
few days, then gradually wears off by way of exfoliation.
The use of MEHANDI
and turmeric is also described in the earliest Hindu
Vedas.
Cosmetic henna for coloring hair.
Commercially packaged henna,
intended for use as a cosmetic hair dye, is available in many countries, and is
now popular in India,
as well as the Middle East, Europe, Australia, Canada and the United States.
The color that results from dying with henna depends on the original color of
the hair, as well as the quality of the henna, and can range from orange to
auburn to burgundy. Henna can be mixed with other natural hair dyes including Cassia
for lighter shades of red or even blond, or with indigo to achieve brown and
black shades. Some products sold as "henna" include these other
natural dyes. Others may include metal salts that can interact with other
chemical treatments, or oils and waxes that may inhibit the dye, or even
chemical dyes which are common allergens. Any product that comes in a cream,
block, or paste form has some sort of additives.
Traditions of henna as body art
The different words for henna in
ancient languages imply that it had more than one point of discovery and
origin, as well as different pathways of daily and ceremonial use.
MEHANDI on a hand.
Henna has been used to adorn young
women's bodies as part of social and holiday celebrations since the late Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean. The earliest text mentioning henna
in the context of marriage and fertility celebrations comes from the legend of Baal and which has references to women marking themselves with
henna in preparation to meet their husbands, and adorning herself with henna to
celebrate a victory over the enemies of Baal.
Wall paintings excavated at (dating
prior to the eruption of in 1680 BCE) show women with markings consistent
with henna on their nails, palms and soles, in a tableau consistent with the
henna bridal description from Ugarit. Many statuettes of young women dating
between 1500 and 500 BCE along the Mediterranean coastline have raised
hands with markings consistent with henna. This early connection between young,
fertile women and henna seems to be the origin of the Night of the Henna, which
is now celebrated worldwide.
The Night of the Henna was
celebrated by most groups in the areas where henna grew naturally: Jews
Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Christians and Zoroastrians, among others, all
celebrated marriages by adorning the bride,
and often the groom, with henna.
Henna pattern on foot in Morocco.
Henna was regarded as having
("blessings”)and was applied for luck as well as joy and beauty Brides
typically had the most henna, and the most complex patterns, to support their
greatest joy, and wishes for luck. Some bridal traditions were very complex,
such as those in Yemen, where the Jewish bridal henna process took four or five
days to complete, with multiple applications and resist work.
The fashion of "BRIDAL MEHANDI" in Pakistan, Northern Libya and in North Indian
diasporas is currently growing in complexity and elaboration, with new
innovations in glitter, gilding, and fine-line work. Recent technological
innovations in grinding, sifting, temperature control, and packaging henna, as
well as government encouragement for henna cultivation, have improved dye
content and artistic potential for henna.
In countries where women are discouraged from working
outside the home can find socially acceptable, lucrative work doing henna Morocco, Mauritania, Yemen,
Libya, Somalia, Sudan,
as well as India and many other countries have
thriving women's henna businesses. These businesses are often open all night
for festival. Many women may work together during a large wedding, wherein
hundreds of guests have henna applied to their body parts. This particular event
at a marriage is known as the Celebration or MEHANDI NIGHT[and is
mainly held for the bride and groom.
Regions
Henna being sold at the Egyptian
Bazaar.
Bridal henna nights are a popular
tradition in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Near
East and South Asia.
Algeria
In Algeria, the bride's mother-in-law traditionally presents her with
jewelry and paints the henna on her hands.
In Saudi Arabia, prenuptial Henna nights are common. Traditionally the
bride’s hands are painted with henna by a one of her female relatives, the
belief being that the relative must be happily married or else she will bring
bad luck to the bride.[
As a medicine
Henna is known as a traditional Auyurveda
medicine. It shows various health benefits such as hypoglycaemic and
hypolipidemic activities, inhibits the tuberculosis bacteria, and useful in
skin diseases. Moreover, henna extract prevents the liver damage occurred from
exposure of carbon tetrachloride. According to Auyurveda for All by
Murli Manohar, boiled aqueous extract of henna is effective remedy for the
urinary stones.
Health effects
Henna is known to be dangerous to
people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency), which is more common in males
than females. Infants and children of particular ethnic groups are especially
vulnerable Though user accounts cite few other negative effects of natural
henna paste, save for occasional allergic reactions, pre-mixed henna body art pastes
may have ingredients added to darken stain, or to alter stain color. The health
risks involved in pre-mixed paste can be significant. The United States Food
and Drug Administration
(FDA) does consider these risks to be adulterants and therefore illegal for use on
skin. Some pastes have been noted to include: silver nitrate, carmine, pyrogallol, disperse orange dye, and chromium.
These have been found to cause allergic reactions, chronic inflammatory
reactions, or late-onset allergic reactions to hairdressing products and
textile dyes.
Regulation
The U.S. FDA has not approved henna
for direct application to the skin. It is unconditionally approved as a hair
dye, and can only be imported for that purpose Henna imported into the U.S.
that appears to be for use as body art is subject to seizure, though
prosecution is rare.
"Natural
henna," "neutral henna" and "black henna”
"Natural
henna”
Natural henna stains only a rich red
brown. Products sold as "black henna" or "neutral henna" do
not contain henna, but are instead made from other plants, or from other
substances altogether.
"Neutral
henna”
"Neutral henna" does not
change the color of hair. This is not henna powder; it is usually the powder of
the plant Senna italica (often referred to by the synonym Cassia
obovata) or closely related Cassia and Senna species.
"Black
henna”
"Black henna" powder may
be derived from indigo (from the plant Indigofera
tinctoria).
It may also contain unlisted dyes and chemicals. "Black henna" may
contain p-phenylenediamine (PPD), which can stain skin black
quickly, but can cause severe allergic reactions and permanent scarring. The
FDA specifically forbids PPD to be used for that purpose, and may prosecute
those who produce "black henna." Artists who injure clients with
"Black Henna" in the U.S. may be sued for damages. The name
"Black Henna" arose from imports of plant-based hair dyes into the
West in the late 19th century. Partly fermented, dried indigo was called "black henna"
because it could be used in combination with henna to dye hair black. This gave
rise to the belief that there was such a thing as "black henna" which
could dye skin black. Indigo will not dye skin black. Pictures of indigenous
people with black body art (either alkalized henna or from some other source)
also fed the belief that there was such a thing as "black henna."
-
CHAITHRA.U.NAIK AND SANJANA.S
IST BSC BZC.
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Rain water harvesting as a method of utilizing rain water for domestic & agricultural use is already widely used throughout the world. It is a method which has been used since ancient times and is increasingly being accepted as a practical method of provided portable water in development projects throughout the world.
It has application also in urban and semi-urban areas, where the reliability & quality of piled water is increasingly being questioned. For centuries the world has relied upon rain water harvesting to supply water.
It is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from roof tops, the land surfaces, using simple techniques such as underground check dams. The techniques usually found in Asia and Africa arise from practices employed by ancient civilizations within these regions, and still serve as a major source of drinking water supply in rural areas. Commonly used systems are constructed of three components i) catchment area, ii) collection device and iii) conveyance system.
- Catchment area: Roof top catchment is the most basic form of rainwater harvesting. Roofs with metallic paint or other coatings are not recommended as they may impart taste or colour, aluminium or asbestos, cement sheets, tiles or slates are commonly used. The collected rain water can also be by the land surface areas which provides opportunity for collecting water from a larger surfaces area with all the preparation for collecting water from land area.
- Collection devices: storage tanks may be above or below ground. Open containers are not recommended for collecting water. It consist of a cylindrical tank consisting of a cylindrical tank with thin concrete base on which a circular vertical cylinder is present. This cylinder is wrapped with wire mesh to form the frame of the tank. Mortar jars are the large jar shaped vessels constructed from wire reinforced mortar. Polythene tanks are also used which are compact but have large storage area and are easy to clean. The most important thing is we need to take care that there should not be any algal growth.
- Conveyance system: there are required to transfer the rain water collected to the storage tanks, by making connections to one or more down- pipes.
Advantages:
- Simple to install and operate.
- More convenient and causes less maintenance problems.
- Water collected is of pure quality.
- Running water costs are almost negligible.
- It has few negative environmental impacts.
- Construction of cement jars do not need skilled manpower.
Disadvantages:
- Limited supply and uncertainty of rainfall.
- It is carried out by a less number of governmental agencies.
I would conclude saying, it is a very useful process during rainy season and during the scarcity of water. By doing this process we can save water for domestic purposes, drinking purpose and for future needs. It is a very simple and affordable process, with the decreasing availability of water, rain water harvesting is the best option.
Sana anjum
III B.Sc., BZC
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AMARANTHUS
SPECIES
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Amaranthaceae
Sub-family:
Amaranthaideae
Genus:
Amaranthus
Amaranthus
is collectively known as Amaranth. It is short lived plant. Most of the species
from amaranthus are summer annual weeds and are commonly referred as Pigweed.
Cultivation:
The mainly cultivated amaranthus species are Amaranthus cruentus, A.
hybridus , A. spinosus etc. during cultivation water supply and temperature
should be maintained properly . The amaranthus seed require nearly 18°C- 25°C
for optimum growth.
Nutritional
value: The consumption of amaranthus is very
useful to our body. It gives 371 calories of energy per 100 grams. It contains
vitamin C, D, B-12, B-6; Iron, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Dietary
Fibres and sugar.
Cultivation
practices:
1. Propagation:
Amaranthus grows naturally but can also propagated from seeds. The seedlings
are fragile, so it is important to sow fine seed bed.
2. Soil
preparation: Prepare the soil well by mixing
with cattle dung. Seeds should be planted not more than 1.25cm deep, depending
on the soil texture and surface moisture at the planting time.
3. Filed
layout and design: An optimum plant
population has not been established but approximately 272Kg of seed per hectare
is considered suitable. Prepare space between each seed to provide good yield.
4. Planting:
planting is done when the soil temperature is atleast 18°C and there are few
ways to plant amaranthus.
§ Seeds
are directly sown into soil. Loosen the soil as deep as possible and prepare a fine
& firm seed bed. After spreading the seeds lightly cover with soil using
rake.
§ Seeds
are sown in rows. The seeds must be watered twice daily until the seedlings
emerges.
§ Seeds
can be planted in seed trays. Transplant them after approximately four weeks
after, when the plants should be 15cm. high.
5. Fertilization:
one of the essential elements for the growth of the amaranthus is nitrogen. To
promote better growth a top dressing of LAN can be given at monthly intervals.
Plants
can be fertilized by using cow manure or other chemical fertilizers which has
high nitrogen content.
6. Irrigation:
Although the plants are drought resistant, it performs optimally under
irrigation. Under irrigation amaranthus yields harvest of leaves every two
weeks in summer. In sandy soils an irrigation frequency of four to five days is
maintained in summer season.
7. Pest,
weed and disease should be avoided during cultivation.
8. Harvesting:
most amaranth cultivars grow rapidly and may harvested by hand only. Leaves can
be harvested in two ways.
¯ Picking
of individual leaves when the size of the palm.
¯ Breaking
off the leaves around the terminal growth tips of the stems.
9. Post
harvesting handlings: it includes
screening, grading, packing, storage, preserving method, transport &
marketing.
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JUICE
THERAPY
It
is a method to treat disease through an exclusive method of diet of juices of
fruits & vegetables. It is also known as juice fasting. Juice therapy is an
effective way to restore health and detoxify the body.
During
juice therapy the cleaning capacity of organs of elimination like lungs, liver,
kidney and skin is increased and mass of accumulated metabolic waste are
removed quickly. It allows digestive and other associated organs a rest. After
juice therapy the digestion of food and utilization of nutrients is vastly
improved.
Specific
juices are specific for certain condition but overall juice therapy is a best
way to restore good health.
Benefits
of juice therapy:
§ The
juices of raw fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, enzymes, trace
elements, minerals and natural sugar.
§ They
exercise their beneficial effects in normalizing all body functions.
§ They
supply needed elements for bodies own healing activity and cell regeneration.
§ The
raw fruits and vegetable juices requires no digestion and almost all their
vital nutrients are estimated directly in to blood stream.
§ Raw
juice of fruits are rich in alkaline condition which are helpful in maintaining
acid-alkaline balance in tissue and blood vessels..
§ Generous
amounts of easily absorbed organic elements like Potassium, Silicon, Magnesium
helpful in biochemical and mineral balance in cells and tissues which prevents
premature aging of cells and disease.
Now
here are some juices of fruits and vegetables used in juice therapy.
¯ Apple
Juice: apple is rich in vitamin A and cures
sight related visionary defects. Recently some experiment says that apple can
prevent cancer to a greater extent. It can also cure cardio related disease and
weakness. Apple juice provides anti-oxidants and Polyphenols which are
important nutrients to our body.
¯ Banana
Juice: it is a juice which as almost all
important nutrients in it. It is rich in Potassium content along with other
nutrients. Since it has potassium in high amount it is good for kidneys. If a
thin person as regular intake of banana juice he can maintain a good health.
¯ Papaya
Juice: it is a fruit juice rich in Vitamin C.
it has a enzyme called ‘Papen’ which catalysis the process of breakdown of
protein through hydrolysis. It is good for kidneys and cures gastro disorders.
It reduce stress, constipation and prevents cancer, eases menstrual pain etc.
¯ Pomegranate
Juice: it is rich in iron content and has three
times more antioxidants than green tea. It is very good for heart as it as
phytonutrients and reduce bad LDL cholesterol level in the body. It prevents tumour
growth, Leukemia, Breast cancer etc.
¯ Beetroot
Juice: it has folate, dietary fibers, chlorine,
Vitamin- A, Vitamin- C, Copper, Potassium, and Magnesium etc. The Potassium
present in beetroot juice is useful to increase RBCs and is good for cardiovascular
system.
¯ Carrot
Juice: it is rich in Vitamin A. it also
contains Vitamin B, C, D, E, G & K. it is good for the optic system. Carrot
juice improves & maintains bone structure of teeth, enhance mother’s milk
quality. It prevents hair fall. Helps in preventing infections of eye, throat,
tonsils & respiratory organs.
¯ Onion
Juice: it is rich in vitamin B-6 and Vitamin C
along with Sodium, Potassium, traces of Sulphur. The chromium present in onion
juice reduce blood sugar level. It is helpful in the production of insulin
which is a dietary fiber useful in good bowel movement. Onion juice contains a
natural anti-histamine which prevents and cures asthma and allergies.
¯ Cauliflower
Juice: It is rich is Potassium, sodium,
carbohydrates, anti-oxidants, vitamin A,B-12, C and D. the presence of Vitamin
K and omega-3 makes our heart and blood vessels strong. The regular intake of
cauliflower juice is good for pregnant women.
¯ Pudina
Juice: it is rich in Anti-oxidants and
phytonutrient content. The juice of leaf of Pudina is good for oral health as
it is a rich source of anti-bacterial & anti-inflammatory content. It is
used to treat IBS.
¯ Basil/
Tulsi Juice: use of Tulsi regulates blood
pressure. Tulsi juice cures blood pressure, skin disease like ring worm, eczema
etc. Tulsi juice counter on stress, anxiety, depression etc. Tulsi juice is a
good medicine for person suffering from paralysis. It cures urinary problems.
¯ Brahmi
Juice: it is mainly used as memory booster.
It reduces stress and helpful in smooth circulation of blood.
¯ Custard
Apple Juice: it is a fruit juice which is rich
in antioxidants, Potassium, Magnesium, Vitamin C. it is very good juice which
controls blood pressure. Presence of K & Mg is good for Cardio related
disorders.
These are few beneficial effects of
Juices of fruits and vegetables in Juice therapy. Since the therapy is mainly
based on natural source there is no such harmful effects. There is a saying
that “Too good is too bad” likewise, over use of some juice because
mainly indigestion and can cause other problems related to digestion.
Juice Therapy is a very good method
to restore health and it is very useful to supply all needed nutrients to our
body in the form of easily prepared juices. It is a good source of energy.
Sowmys. S
160766
I B.Sc (BZC)
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TRANSGENIC
PLANTS
Transgenic plants are plants which
are genetically engineered. A breeding approaches use recombinant DNA
technology. In these the gene of interest is introduced in to the selected
plants this are known as genetically modified organisms.
Transgenic plants are the ones
which DNA is modified by introducing new gene. It is the process of introducing
new gene which is not naturally occurring in that species. The main aim of
these is to introduce a new trait to the plant to bring a new characteristics.
The newly inserted gene is called TRANSGENE. The transgene may be of unrelated
plant or entirely different species.
In this a new gene is introduced
into the plant cell. The main aim of these process is to get a new
characteristics which are not present naturally. These newly introduced gene
may be carried from one generation to others or it may be stop in the starting
generation.
Transgenic plants are developing in
the laboratory. In their new gene is introduced in to the DNA. Many recombinant
proteins are introduced they express their characters in many Agronomic species
like Tomato, Potato, Onion, Papaya etc.
Genetically Modified organisms can
take the information from generation to generation. It may or may not be
possible. By the introducing of new gene help to increase the production of
valuable plant.
By introducing recombinant proteins
number of valuable pharmaceutical plants are increased. There are many
resistant plant. These transgenic technique is widely used in U.S.A and Canada.
The first transgenic plant was cultivated in the year 1983.
¯ Herbicide
Resistant Plant: the plant which resist the
Herbicide is known as Herbicide resistant plant. Glycophosphate is the main
ingredient that show broad range spectrum. Glycophosphate is resistant to the
plant against Herbicide.
¯ Insect
Resistant Plant: The plant which resist insect for
example: Bt is a short Bacillus thurengensis. It produces a small spores
i.e Cry proteins. When the insect eat their spores.in the gut it produces
toxins and the intestine get ruptures. So it is one of the very important
insect resistant gene. The introduction of these gene eliminate the Jayadara
variety of cotton.
In this technique the gene of
insert is introduced to the DNA of selected species. It is very useful in the
present generation due to Global population. In the present days population
increase day by day and there is scarcity of food. The Discovery of these transgenic
plants is very useful to improve the yield, Quality, Disease resistant plants,
resistant to drought, very high and cold temperature. By this advantages we can
cultivate the crops at any seasons with high yield.
Meghana K.S
150804
II B.Sc (M.B.B)
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HEALTH BENEFITS
OF BERRIES
In everyday language, berries are small,
pulpy, sweet or sour fruit. They are rounded, brightly colored with many seeds
in them. Some of the common example for berries are blue berry, strawberry,
raspberry, black or red currants, mulberry, cherry etc. the plant bearing
berries are called Beccate.
The scientific knowledge of berries
differ from common usage. In scientific terminology berries are produced from
vary of a single flavor and the outer layer of ovary wall develops into the
edible part that is pericarp. In berries some are edible & some are
poisonous. The deadly night shade & poke weed berries are poisonous were as
red mulberry, white mulberry are poisonous during unripe condition & edible
when they are ripe. The berries are of health benefits. The health benefits of
some of the berries are given below.
¯ Strawberries:
600 varieties of strawberries are found all over the world. They are rich in
Vitamin C. it contains Potassium, Manganese, Iron, Copper, Magnesium contents
in them. They prevent diseases related to nervous system and blood vessels.
¯ Raspberries:
they are rich in fiber and antioxidant. They contain Vitamin C, Vitamin K,
Selenium contents in them. Consuming raspberries help in preventing heart
diseases & liver problems.
¯ Blue
berries: it contains Vitamin C in them. The
research have been proved that blueberries are used against cancer such as
leukemia, liver cancer etc. They have high amount of phytochemicals in them.
¯ Black
berries: they have highest amount of
antioxidant than any other berries. In US, Native Americans have found that
black berries are used as preserves. Blackberry prevents heart risks, liver
problems & mainly Colon cancer.
¯ Cherry:
cherries contain a natural chemical called melatonin which help in proper sleep
rhythms & gives youthful appearance.
Berries are rich in fiber, a
nutrient which helps to maintain healthy digestive system. Berries are
associated with increased “Good Cholesterol” and low blood pressure. Many
research says that berries prevent various cancers. Berries are also of great
economic importance. They are used in cakes, Pies, Jellies, Jams & Sauces
are prepared from cranberry which is a traditional food for thanks giving in
some countries. Currants, Sultanas are used as dry fruits. Berries are used as
food preserves. Beverages are also prepared from berries. Berries have short
shelf life, so they are preserved by pickling, drying etc.
Berries are some of the healthiest
foods in the earth. Berries are fairly easy to grow, fun to pick and eat first
during the morning breakfast. Hence we can say that berries are of tremendous
health benefits to us.
Sanjana. S
14772
III BSc (BZC)
******************************
FRUIT
THERAPY
Fruit SHOULD be eaten before the meal or in EMPTY STOMACH....!!!! Yes ....because when the food in the stomach come in contact with the digestive juices the entire mass of food begins to spoil...
Fruits Give the Body Energy. All fruits contain carbohydrates, which are the body’s main source of energy. Carbohydrates in fruits are mainly sugar, which break down easily and make a quick source of energy..
Different fruits what we use in our daily life.... Has different acidic properties....and ....have its own medicinal importance....it is better to look around our daily life ..
Shravana.K1st B.Sc (BZC)
IMPORTANCE OF DRINKING WATER EARLY IN THE MORNING
It is said that drinking about 7 to 8 glasses of water daily is important for your health. One thing many people do not know is that having the first glass of water as soon as you wake up also comes with its therapeutic benefits. This traditional Ayurvedic treatment has benefits for conditions that range from asthma, pain to even cancer.In Japan, it is common practice to drink two full glasses of water upon waking. It’s said have the ability to fully cure a number of diseases, including cancer, as well as provide a host of other benefits. And I think they may be on to something.As a nation, Japan has the overall greatest longevity, currently hosting over 50,000 centenarians, or 100+ year olds. Whether it’s the water practice or something in the tea they drink, we can learn a few tricks from the Japanese.So regardless if this practice will save your life as they believe, here a look at many of the other proven benefits of drinking two full glasses of water upon waking.
1) It dehydrates our body
When you wake up after a long sleep, your body is naturally dehydrated. No matter how much water you drank the day before, you have used up your stores and it’s time to refill the tank.The first thing drinking water after waking up will do is provide your cells with much needed, life giving water.Compare this to the norm; drinking a 16 oz. cup of coffee, which will further dehydrate your already thirsty body.
Partaking in this immediate rehydration will have major noticeable benefits including:- Feeling more refreshed- Having more natural energy throughout the morning- Being healthier & happier
2) Flushes out toxins
After nourishing your cells, drinking water after waking up will flush unwanted toxins out of your body. While you sleep your body repairs itself, replenishes energy and balances hormones. The result is toxins and other waste materials being released and waiting to be flushed out.After clearing your body of these toxins, you will feel great and be able to absorb more nutrients from a well-balanced breakfast. This also leads to clear skin and better overall well being.
3) Fires up your metabolism
Drinking water is a crucial tactic when it comes to weight loss. But drinking water after waking up is the most optimal way to do it.Think of drinking water after waking up as an alarm clock for your metabolism. This morning water kick starts your metabolism & has been proven to increase your calorie burning potential throughout the day.Not only that, but water actually fills you up & curbs your appetite, allowing you to make smarter choices for your breakfast.These smart choices tend to roll over to smarter choices throughout the day. If you know anything about healthy eating, then you know that this momentum is so powerful. There’s no better way to start that momentum than with a tall glass of delicious water.
4) Fuels your brain
Here’s a fun fact; your brain is 75% water.If you’ve been drinking enough of it, you will know that without water your brain is not going to function at its optimal level.A morning glass of water will leave you feeling sharp and clear throughout the day, giving you an edge over all the dehydrated zombies you’ll encounter.
5) Keeps you regular & relieves constipation
The main cause of constipation is dehydration.Drinking water when you wake up will not only cure dehydration but it will help relieve constipation, help to keep you regular and promote a morning bowel movement. This is a great way to start the day.
6) Prevents and cures disease
As stated above, in Japan it is believed that drinking water this way can cure even the harshest diseases over time. I am not a scientist, or a doctor, but what I do know is that doing this will certainly help cure disease and can certainly help prevent them, even if the effects are subtle.Something that is so healthy and good for you, if not performing miracles, is going to have a positive impact on your health.
7) Renew cell
Drinking water first thing in the morning increases the rate at which new muscle and blood cells are produced.
8) Balance the lymph system
When you drink water first thing in the morning on a daily basis, you help balance your body’s lymph system. Lymph glands found in your lymph system fight infections helping you to perform your daily
9) Cures illness and diseases
Drinking water first thing in the morning has been proven to cure illnesses such as vomiting, throat disease, menstrual and cancer disorders, eye diseases, diarrhea, urine disease, kidney disease, meningitis, TB, Arthritis, headaches among others.
10) Cures pimples
In case of your improper intestinal process where appear pimple, black spot etc. Hence the intestinal process must proper which minimize the pimples on your face.
SUMANTHI B.sc(bzc)
ACID RAIN
ACID RAIN
“ACID RAIN” is the
referring to a mixture of wet and the dry deposition from the atmosphere
containing higher than normal amounts of nitric acid and sulfuric acids. The
precursors or the chemical forms of the acid rain formation results from both
natural sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation and man-made form
sources, primarily emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen
oxides (NO2) resulting from fossil fuels combustion. In the united
states, roughly 2/3
of all SO2 and 1/4 of all NO2 come
from electric power generation that releases on burning fossil fuels, like
coal. Acid rain occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water,
oxygen and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds. The result is a
mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. When sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides are released from power plants and other sources, prevailing
winds blow these compounds across state and national borders, sometimes over
hundred of miles.
The acid rain occurs in two ways:
WET
DEPOSITION:- It refers to the acid rain
fog and snow if acid chemical in the air blown into areas where the weather is
wet the acid can fall on the ground in the form of rain, fog, mist, as this
acidic waters flows over and on ground, it affects variety of plant and
animals.
DRY
DEPOSITION:- It occurs in the areas
where weather is dry, the acid chemicals may become incorporated into dust or
smoke and falls to the ground sticking to building, homes, cars and trees.
Therefore acid rain is very
much affected to all things in these earth. So we must avoid pollution.
One of the important example which is
affected by acid rain is our one of the wonder of the world TAJ MAHAL.
-CHAITHRA.U.NAIK,I
BSC BZC, 14771
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MICROBIAL FLORA ON THE HUMAN BODY
Human beings like other animals,
contains a wide range of microorganism both on and in their bodies. The microbial
floras are more or less constant of each species and are broadly divided into
residents and transients. The former constituent population which cannot be completely
removed permanently, while the latter vary from time to time and are temporary.
The residents prevent permanents colonization of the body by other microorganism.
The microbial flora in the human body is
the understanding of the interaction of the human being and with the pathogen
laden environment. Where these environmental microorganism come in contact with
our body some of them causes diseases and other some of them are harmless. Here
the normal microbial flora plays an important role in the body economy. They
can become pathogenic when host defense falter, they can prevent or interfere
with colonition of the body and their resemblance to some of the pathogens.
The micro flora of the human body may affect
all parts of the body and even in the blood and tissue.
NORMAL FLORA OF THE SKIN
The
human skin is constantly and continuously bombarded by the organism present in
the environment. It is also contaminated by one's own secretion and excretions,
the extend depending on the individual personal hygiene. The floras depend on
the area of the body, the clothing one wears, one's exculpation and
environment. Transient micro flora tend to occur more frequently on the skin.
Culture
from the skin have frequently demonstrated deptheriods; staphylococci. There are
various types and groups of microorganism that are found in skin.
Often the skin of the face, neck,
hands and buttock caries pathogenic hemolytic staphylococci streptococci. Penicillin
resistant staphylococci are seen in individual working in hospitals.
MICROBIALFLORA OF THE NOSE,
NASOPHARMICROBIALFLORA OF THE NOSE, NASOPHARYNX AND ACCESORY SINUSES
The flora of the nose
harbors corynebacteria, staphylococci and streptococci. Here while breathing
through nose most of the microorganism presents in the environment enters our
nose.
The nasopharynx of the infant is
sterile at birth but, within 2 to 3 days after the birth, acquires the common
commensal flora and the pathogenic flora carried by the mother and attendants.
MICROBIAL FLORA OF CONJUCTIVE
The conjunctive is
relatively free from organism due to flushing action of tears. The predominant
organism of the eye are dipteroids, Moraxella species and no hemolytic
streptococci
MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE MOUTH
AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
The mouth
contains a plenty of organism pigmented and non-pigmented micrococci, some of
which are aerobic. The gum pocket between the teeth and the crypt of the
tonsils have aide spectrum of anaerobic micrococci, microaerophillic and an
anaerobic streptococci.
The
mouth of the infant is not sterile at birth. It generally contains the same
type of organism in about the same relation number have those presents in the
mothers vagina.
NORMAL FLORA OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT
In 80-90% new
born infants, the meconium is sterile but
in 10-0% a few organism probably acquired during labour maybe present. In all
cases within 4-24hours of the birth an intestinal flora is established partly
from below and partly by invasion from above. In breastfed children the
intestine contains lactobacilli. With the change of food to the adult pattern,
the flora change. Diet has a marked influence on the relative composition of
the intestinal and fecal flora.
BY
FEBA AND BHAVANA
I MBB 1BSC
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